钢渣对辽宁地区水稻土壤镉素吸收的影响

硅素肥料降低重金属毒性和减少重金属在植物体内积累的研究报道尚不多见。因此,开展这一领域的研究工作,将为合理应用硅素肥料修复、利用被重金属污染的土壤提供重要的理论依据。试验通过对辽宁不同地区水稻土施加钢渣,来研究钢渣对土壤吸附镉的影响。试验结果表明:施用钢渣能够增加大石桥、辽中、抚顺地区土壤对镉的吸附能力,而对盘锦、康平、苏家屯地区吸附能力影响不大;土壤对镉的等温吸附曲线,符合Langmuir等温吸附方程和Frendlich等温吸附方程,且加入钢渣前后,最大吸附量和吸附常数在不同程度上发生变化。     

根相对伸长率不能反映大白菜对镉的耐性差异

以14种大白菜为材料,研究根的相对伸长率与蔬菜地上部Cd耐性之间的关系.结果表明,种子根的相对伸长率与大白菜苗期的Cd耐性没有相关性,因而用种子根相对伸长率不能衡量大白菜对Cd的耐性.大白菜地上部Cd含量与Cd耐性指数呈负相关,表明Cd耐性强的大白菜地上部Cd的累积量相对较低.     

Use of the BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure for the study of the partitioning of Cd, Pb and Zn in various soil samples

A slightly modified three-step sequential extraction procedure proposed by the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) for analysis of sediments was successfully applied to soil samples. Contaminated soil samples from the lead and zinc mining area in the Mezica valley (Slovenia) and natural soils from a non-industrial area were analysed. The total concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn and their concentrations in fractions after extraction were determined by flame or electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS, ETAAS). Total metal concentrations in natural soils ranged from 0.3 to 2.6 mg kg^-1 for Cd, from 20 to 45 mg kg^-1 for Pb and from 70 to 140 mg kg^-1 for Zn, while these concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 35 mg kg^-1 for Cd, from 200 to 10000 mg kg^-1 for Pb and from 140 to 1500 mg kg^-1 for Zn in soils from contaminated areas. The results of the partitioning study applying the slightly modified BCR three-step extraction procedure indicate that Cd, Pb and Zn in natural soils prevails mostly in sparingly soluble fractions. Cd in natural soils is bound mainly to Fe and Mn oxides and hydroxides, Pb to organic matter, sulphides and silicates, while Zn is predominantly bound to silicates. In contaminated soils, Cd, Pb and Zn are distributed between the easily and sparingly soluble fractions. Due to the high total Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations in contaminated soil close to the smelter, ! and their high proportions in the easily soluble fraction (80% of Cd, 50% of Pb and 70% of Zn), the soil around smelters represents an environmental hazard.     

Wood ash fertilization alters the forest humus Archaea community

The combined and separate effects of Cd and wood ash on Archaea from coniferous forest humus were studied in a microcosm experiment. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling of the denaturing gradient gel analysis of polymerase chain reaction amplified 0.9 kb 16S ribosomal DNA fragments revealed changes in archaeal communities due to the ash treatments. Cd with or without ash did not further influence the result. Representatives of the ash and control communities were cloned, grouped by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and finally sequenced. All sequences belonged to non-thermophilic Crenarchaea.     

海泡石对镉污染土壤改良效果的研究

通过人工模拟污染、采用盆栽试验的方法,研究了海泡石对镉污染土壤的改良效果,试验结果表明:海泡石能显著促进空心菜的生长,抑制空心菜对镉的吸收,降低空心菜植株体内镉的浓度,同时,由于海泡石具有很大的表面积和较大的吸附量,可降低土壤镉的有效性。海泡石可作为镉污染土壤的改良剂。     

亚热带湿润地区城市公园重建强度对其土壤酸化和土壤中重金属的影响

Soil quality is a major concern in the management of urban parks. In this study, the soils at 0–3, 3–13, and 13–23 cm depths were sampled from six urban parks, differing in reconstruction intensity(mainly changes made during conversion of natural forests into parklands), in the Pearl River Delta, China to determine how reconstruction intensity influenced the extent of acidification and heavy metal levels in the soils of urban parks in a humid subtropical environment. High reconstruction intensity(HRI) was practiced in three parks and low reconstruction intensity(LRI) in three other parks. The LRI soils were strongly to extremely acidic(with low exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K concentrations) while the HRI soils were much less acidic. Both total and extractable concentrations of soil heavy metals were related to the specific management practices and age of the park, but did not differ significantly between LRI and HRI parks or among soil depths. Soil p H was significantly related to soil exchangeable cation concentrations and base saturation but was weakly related or unrelated to soil heavy metal levels. Our results suggest that high intensity but not low intensity reconstruction significantly reduces the extent of soil acidification in the urban parks in a humid subtropical environment.     

降雨过程中碱性坡耕地土壤侵蚀的研究

坡地土壤侵蚀的治理是水土保持工作的主要任务之一。为了研究碱性坡耕地土壤在降雨过程中的入渗和侵蚀特性，该试验采用室内人工降雨模拟器方法对两种不同碱度的壤质黄土在不同坡度条件下的入渗和侵蚀进行了调查。试验土壤的可交换钠百分比(ESP)分别为2.8和52.0，土壤表面坡度为5%～25%。试验数据显示，在降雨过程中，土壤的入渗能力随ESP的减小或表面坡度的增大而增加，土壤的可侵蚀性随土壤ESP或表面坡度的增大而增加。两种ESP的土壤在各种表面坡度情况下的土壤累积侵蚀量随累积降雨量直线增加，并随土壤坡度的增大而增加。但当土壤坡度大于15%时，高ESP土壤的累积侵蚀量随土壤坡度的增加远大于低ESP土壤的增加。USLE经验公式较好地预测了低ESP土壤的坡度系数，但不能精确计算高ESP土壤的坡度系数。由于土壤细沟侵蚀的发生，WEPP模型低估了两种ESP壤在大坡度情况下的坡度系数。     

有机酸对针铁矿和膨润土吸附Cd2+、Pb2+的影响

用平衡吸附法研究了不同浓度的有机酸（乙酸、酒石酸和柠檬酸）对针铁矿和膨润土吸附Cd^2＋、Pb^2＋的影响。结果表明：（1）低浓度（〈0．6mmolL^-1）有机酸促进供试矿物吸附Cd^2＋和Pb^2＋，随着有机酸浓度增加，吸附逐渐被抑制。高浓度（〉1．0mmolL^-1）有机酸对Pb^2＋吸附的抑制作用比对Cd^2＋的强。有机酸浓度的变化对针铁矿Cd^2＋、Pb^2＋吸附率的影响大于对膨润土的。（2）不同Cd^2＋浓度下，有机酸对膨润土Cd^2＋吸附强度的影响大于针铁矿。加入高浓度Cd^2＋（8．0mmolL^-1）时，低浓度有机酸对膨润土吸附Cd^2＋的促进作用比加入低浓度Cd^2＋（0．4mmolL^-1）时明显，高浓度有机酸对膨润土吸附Cd^2＋的抑制作用与低浓度Cd^2＋时相近。（3）低浓度有机酸（〈0．6mmolL^-1）时，酒石酸、柠檬酸对针铁矿吸附Cd^2＋的促进作用大于乙酸，而它们对膨润土吸附Cd^2＋的促进作用相似；在三种有机酸高浓度（〉1．0mmol L^-1）时，针铁矿对Cd^2＋的吸附都趋于稳定，而柠檬酸对膨润土吸附Cd^2＋的抑制作用比乙酸和酒石酸的明显。不同种类有机酸下，矿物对Pb^2＋吸附率大小的变化基本一致。     

羟基磷灰石–植物联合修复对Cu/Cd污染植物根际 土壤微生物群落的影响

针对江西贵溪Cu、Cd重金属污染土壤,通过田间试验,比较无机生物材料羟基磷灰石及3种植物(海州香薷、巨菌草、伴矿景天)与羟基磷灰石联合修复对土壤总Cu、Cd的吸收及对活性Cu、Cd的钝化吸收能力差异。采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)分析法,比较不同修复模式对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,以评估土壤微生态环境对不同修复措施的响应。研究结果表明:羟基磷灰石的施加可显著提高土壤pH,并有效钝化土壤活性Cu、Cd含量,但对土壤总Cu、Cd的含量影响较小。植物与羟基磷灰石的联合修复在显著降低土壤活性Cu、Cd(P0.05)的同时,减少了植物根际土壤总Cu、Cd的含量(P0.05)。不同修复措施对土壤微生物群落组成影响差异明显。单独施加羟基磷灰石与土壤真菌群落呈显著正相关,使土壤真菌生物量提高,从而引起真菌/细菌(F/B)的升高。植物与羟基磷灰石的联合修复可有效缓解土壤真菌化的趋势,其中巨菌草与羟基磷灰石的联合修复可有效提高土壤革兰氏阳性、革兰氏阴性细菌生物量及多样性,降低F/B值,从而降低土壤真菌病害的风险。不同植物根系活性代谢引起有机质的积累促进植物与羟基磷灰石处理中根际有机碳含量显著提高。聚类增强树(Aggregated boosted tree,ABT)分析结果表明:不同修复模式是影响土壤微生物群落的重要因素,其次土壤pH和Cu的含量及活性也是改变重金属污染区域微生物群落的因子。该研究从微生物群落结构角度解释了植物与羟基磷灰石联合修复对土壤微生态体系的作用,为开展Cu、Cd等重金属污染地植物与无机生物材料的联合修复方式的筛选及实施提供可靠的理论依据。